Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation IIf: SLC35A1 Gene Sequencing
Condition Description
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a group of autosomal recessive genetic disorders caused by the alteration in synthesis and structure of protein and lipid glycosylation. In the past decade, over 30 genetic diseases have been identified that alter glycan synthesis, structure and ultimately the function of nearly all organ systems.
CDG type I (CDGI) disorders result from impaired synthesis of the incomplete lipid linked oligosaccharide (LLO) and/or its attachment to the growing polypeptide chain. CDG-Ia is the most common form reported, due to phosphomannomutase deficiency, an enzyme that converts mannose-6-phosphate to mannose-1-phosphate. CDG-Ib (phosphomannose isomerase, MPI deficiency) is the only known treatable form, by giving mannose orally. CDG type II (CDGII) includes defects in processing of N-glycans.
Phenotypes of this disorder are extremely variable. Manifestations range from severe developmental delay and hypotonia with multiple organ system involvement beginning in infancy, to hypoglycemia and protein-losing enteropathy with normal development. Most subtypes have been described in only a few individuals, however, thus understanding of the phenotypes is limited.
The current diagnostic test for CDG is analysis of serum transferrin glycoforms, also called "transferrin isoforms analysis", or "carbohydrate-deficient transferrin analysis." If positive, this testing can be followed by DNA testing to identify mutations in the gene involved.
One infant has been reported with CDG IIf. He presented at age four months with spontaneous massive bleeding of the posterior chamber of the right eye and cutaneous hemorrhages. Several more severe hemorrhages followed due to pronounced thrombocytopenia and recurring infections. Testing revealed macrothrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and immunodeficiency. He died at age 37 months of complications from bone-marrow transplantation.
Two mutations were found in this individual in the SLC35A1 gene (6q15).
For patients with suspected CDG IIf, sequence analysis is recommended as the first step in mutation identification. For patients in whom mutations are not identified by full gene sequencing, deletion/duplication analysis is appropriate.
References:
- Freeze HH. Congenital disorders of glycosylation: CDG-I, CDG-II, and beyond. Curr Mol Med 2007; 7:389-396.
- GeneTests: Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Overview
- Jaeken J, Matthijs G. Congenital disorders of glycosylation: A rapidly expanding disease family. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2007; 8:261-278.
Genes (1)
Indications
- Confirmation of a clinical/biochemical diagnosis of CDG IIf
- Carrier testing in adults with a family history of CDG IIf
Methodology
Detection
Clinical Sensitivity: Unknown. Mutations in the promoter region, some mutations in the introns and other regulatory element mutations cannot be detected by this analysis. Large deletions will not be detected by this analysis. Results of molecular analysis should be interpreted in the context of the patient's biochemical phenotype.
Analytical Sensitivity: ~99%
Specimen Requirements
Infants and Young Children (<2 years of age): 2-3 ml
Children > 2 years of age to 10 years old: 3-5 ml
Older Children & Adults: 5-10 ml
Autopsy: 2-3 ml unclotted cord or cardiac blood
Orangene™ Saliva Collection Kit used according to manufacturer instructions. Please contact EGL for a Saliva Collection Kit for patients that cannot provide a blood sample.
8µg
Isolation using the Perkin Elmer™Chemagen™ Chemagen™ Automated Extraction method or Qiagen™ Puregene kit for DNA extraction is recommended.
Special Instructions
Submit copies of diagnostic biochemical test results with the sample, if appropriate. Contact the laboratory if further information is needed.
Sequence analysis is required before deletion/duplication analysis by targeted CGH array. If sequencing is performed outside of EGL Genetics, please submit a copy of the sequencing report with the test requisition.
Related Tests
- Deletion/duplication analysis of the SLC35A1 gene by CGH array is available for those individuals in whom sequence analysis is negative.
- Analysis of other CDG genes is also available.
- Biochemical carbohydrate deficient transferrin analysis for CDGs is also available.
- Custom diagnostic mutation analysis (KM) is available to family members if mutations are identified by targeted mutation testing or sequencing analysis.
- Prenatal testing is available to adult couples who are confirmed carriers of mutations. Please contact the laboratory genetic counselor to discuss appropriate testing prior to collecting a prenatal specimen.
How to Order
Requisition Forms
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